World Informatics

Encoding Technique EDGE

2010-09-22T21:44:00.000+07:00

Encoding Technique EDGE

EDGE 9 types of encoding techniques, the MCS (Modulation Coding Scheme) 1 up to MCS9. While GPRS uses four pieces of encoding technique, ie CS (Coding Scheme) 1 up to SC4. The first four encoding techniques on EDGE, MCS1 until MCS4, using GMSK modulation, the same as that used in GPRS. While five other coding techniques, MCS5 until MCS9, using 8PSK modulation.

Both the GPRS or EDGE, levels higher coding schemes offering higher data speeds too but besides that, the higher the level of encoding scheme, then the lower the resistance to errors. It means that the higher speed packet data, the easier the data packets that have errors in delivery. This is because, the higher level encoding scheme, then the level of mechanisms "error correction" used the lower.

Although MCS1 until MCS4 on EGDE both use GMSK modulation, such as CS1 to CS4 on GPRS, but both have different speeds. This is because the use of the headers are different. In EDGE, the data packet contains a header that allows data packets resegmentasi. That is, if a data packet is sent by using a high-level coding scheme (higher speed, less error correction) and data were not well received at the receiver side.

After a retransmission request (retransmission) packet of data received, at the next delivery, the encoding scheme used can be changed and adapted to conditions of the radio interface. That is, on the next delivery, the data packet will be sent by using a lower coding scheme, which had an error correction mechanism better. Hopefully, in this second delivery data can be well received in the receiver side.

In contrast to the GPRS, resegmentasi packet data can not be done. Therefore, when a data packet has been sent using a particular encoding scheme. So although the data is received either on the receiver side, when the next delivery, the data will still be sent by using the same encoding scheme. Consequently, the possibility that the data packet is received at the receiver side is still as large as when the first shipment. Therefore, it can achieve a balance between speed and quality transfer of data transferred.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Teknik_Pengkodean_Pada_EDGE

In the EDGE modulation

2010-09-22T21:43:00.000+07:00

In the EDGE modulation

To obtain higher transfer speeds than GPRS uses GMSK modulation (Minimum Shift Keying gausian), EDGE uses a different modulation technique with GPRS is 8PSK (8-Phase Shif Keying). Figure below shows the visualization of GMSK modulation on GPRS and EDGE are described 8PSSK Pasa on a diagram of I / Q, where I is the real axis and Q is the imaginary axis.

By using 8PSK modulation, a symbol is encoded using three bits, while in GMSK a symbol is encoded with one bit. Because GMSK and 8PSK symbols have the same level, that is equal to 270 ksimbol / s, then the overall level of 8PSK modulation will be three times larger than GMSK, amounting to 810 kb / s.

Based on the explanation above, the distance between the symbols on the 8PSK is shorter than the distance between the symbols on the GMSK, because in ad 8 8PSK symbol in GMSK sedengkan there are only two symbols. Shorter the distance between the symbol lead to greater levels of signals between one symbol to another symbol is more difficult to distinguish. So that the risk of error is greater.

On the condition of the radio signal is good enough, the difference in the distances between symbols is not very influential on the quality of the data sent. At the time of the radio signal conditions are bad, then the addition of extra bits needed to be used as a correction of errors, so that any data received could be improved. So that the quality of data on EDGE is not inferior to the quality of data on GPRS using MPSK. Besides, the EDGE is also used MPSK modulation used in CS1 to CS4 -, and also in EDGE have a process of "adjustment package" which can change the type of CS used in case of errors in the data being transmitted.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Modulasi_Pada_EDGE

EDGE Speed Process

2010-09-22T21:42:00.002+07:00

EDGE Speed Process

EDGE is a way to increase data speeds on GSM radio link. By using the technique of modulation and coding schemes that are different from the previous GPRS system, and by doing the settings in the radio link protocol, EDGE offers a capacity that is significantly greater than that possessed by the GPRS system. So generally there are three aspects of new techniques if we compare to EDGE to GPRS, which is

* Modulation Technique
* Coding Techniques
* Radio Access Network (RAN)

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Proses_Kecepatan_EDGE

Implementation of EDGE

2010-09-22T21:42:00.001+07:00

Implementation of EDGE

As the name suggests, EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), is a technology developed with the basic technology for GSM and GPRS. An EDGE system using devices developed with the remains found on GSM / GPRS network. So can not EDGE alone. A GPRS system is comprised of SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node), which is a network corenya, which added to a previous GSM network. While on the radio, a GPRS network requires the addition of PCU in the previous GSM network radio devices. The figure below shows the general diagram of the GPRS network.

EDGE implementation in the existing GPRS network requires only additions to the radio access side only. While the core network side, EDGE uses the same tools and protocols to those used in previous GPRS networks. GPRS and EDGE network differences found only in akssnya radio side only, while the core network side, EDGE and GPRS using the same tools and protocols. A GPRS network could be upgraded into a network with EDGE system by simply adding an EDGE Transceivier Unit (TRU) on the radio side of the access.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Implementasi_EDGE

Capacity and Capability EDGE Mobile Technology The Third Generation (3G)

2010-09-22T21:40:00.000+07:00

Capacity and Capability EDGE Mobile Technology The Third Generation (3G)

As mentioned in the previous points, EDGE has the data transfer, for example, could EDGE technology is three times faster than GPRS technology. That is, if the cellular subscriber wants to download MMS messages using GPRS technology takes tens of seconds, but with EDGE technology, it only takes a few seconds.

Another advantage, if the GPRS technology having data transfer capability up to 114 Kbps, EDGE technology capable of supporting data, multimedia services up to 384 Kbps. EDGE is a new designation for the GSM 384. This technology is called GSM 384, because it has a data transmission capability up to 384 Kbps.

According to the World GSM Association, EDGE and even can reach speeds up to 473.8 kbps. With EDGE, operators can provide mobile data communications service with higher speeds than GPRS, which is only capable of GPRS data transmission speeds of about 25 Kbps. So also when compared to other platforms, the ability to reach 3-4 times the speed of EDGE access telephone lines (usually around 30-40 kbps) and almost two times the speed of CDMA 2000 1x, which is only about 70-80 kbps. About the services provided this technology, namely third-generation service applications namely high quality streaming audio, streaming video, online games, high speed downloading.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Kapasitas_dan_Kapabilitas_EDGE_Sebagai_Teknologi_Mobile_Generasi_Ketiga_.283G.29

EDGE Capacity For Advanced Technology Data Transfer Rate

2010-09-22T21:39:00.000+07:00

EDGE Capacity For Advanced Technology Data Transfer Rate

GPRS offers data speeds of 115 kbps, and can theoretically reach 160 kbps. While at EDGE data speeds sbesar 384 kbps, and in theory can achieve 473.6 kilobits per second. EDGE speeds generally three times higher than GPRS. This is possible because the techniques used in EDGE modulation (EDGE uses 8PSK, GPRS uses GMSK) and different methods of fault tolerance with GPRS, and also an improved link adaptation mechanisms. EDGE also uses a different coding scheme with GPRS. In nine kinds EDGE coding scheme, whereas in only four GPRS coding scheme.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution#Kapasitas_EDGE_Sebagai_Teknologi_Data_Transfer_Tingkat_Advance

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution or EDGE

2010-09-22T21:37:00.000+07:00

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution or EDGE

EDGE or Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution is a technological evolution of the GSM and IS-136. Goal of developing this new technology is to increase the speed of data transmission, spectral efficiency, and allows the use of new applications and increase capacity.

The application of EDGE in GSM phase 2 + such as GPRS and HSCSD done by adding a new physical layer at the side of the Radio Access Network (RAN). So no berubahan on the side of the core network such as MSC, SGSN, or GGSN

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution

W-CDMA

2010-09-22T21:34:00.000+07:00

Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access or Wideband-CDMA usually written or W-CDMA, is third generation technology (3G) to GSM, also called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). This technology is not compatible with CDMA2000 or often known as CDMA only.

WCDMA speed may reach 384 kbps and the future will rise to probably around 10Mbps.

This technology uses the AMR-Wideband (Adaptive Multi-rate) for the codification of sound (voice codec) so that the sound quality got better than the previous generation.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA

EV-DO , Background , How It Works ,

2010-09-22T21:30:00.001+07:00

EV-DO

EVDO, is also known as EV-DO, 1xEV-DO 1xEvDO and is a standard in high-speed wireless broadband. EVDO stands for "Evolution, Data-only" or "Evolution, Data Optimized". The term officially issued by the Telecommunication Industry Association of CDMA2000, a high-speed data interface to the air medium. EVDO one of two main kinds of wireless standard 3rd generation or 3G. As for other standards are W-CDMA.

Background

3G designs to increase speed data and voice network using the existing cellular phone. Where, the main obstacle to implementing high-speed wireless networks is the lack of bandwidth, or range of frequencies that can be used. With so many radio frequencies that can be reduced / streamlined on the FM waves, it is not too much data that it can memnfaatkan bandwidt. EVDO which developed the technology developed by Qualcomm could solve this problem.

How It Works

CDMA coded division multiple access, using a mathematical method for multiple wireless devices can be spent for sending data simultaneously on the same frequency. Each device, such as cell phones, are marked with a unique mathematical. Unique sign was applied to the original signal and sent as a signal modified. Recipients are also applying mathematical inverse sign of the signal to send to get the original signal.

Wireless networking was once used a barrier between sender and receiver, like most traditional phone. EVDO, as his successor to adopt a similar approach to the Internet. IP, Internet Protocol, breaking the data on the small fraction which was then called packets. Each packet is sent independently of the other packages. Of course this will save bandwidth used by other devices allow; when no phone conversations are also not sure there's a package that passed because there are no packets sent. or when a web site is accessed, there will be no bandwidth is used to start sending the web site pages.

In theory the EVDO capable of passing 2.4 megabits per second. Of course this is faster than DSL and cable broadband available. In a video conference in America, which is used by someone who resides in a vehicle at a speed of 60 miles per hour (90km/jam), while in another demonstration of a phone from a bullet train to start moving more than 150 miles per hour (240 km / hours).
Advantages of CDMA EVDO than usual, certainly more save frequency spectrum from the regulator and be very expensive indeed, lower the cost of developing and utilizing the new network. in united EVDO used by Verizon and Sprint, in Korea is also used. As this article EVDO made little impact on the European market and most of Asia because the region has been chose 3G as their choice. Similarly in Indonesia, however there are several operators who use the EVDO technology.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO

GSM Technology Excellence as Second Generation (2G)

2010-09-22T21:26:00.002+07:00

GSM Technology Excellence as Second Generation (2G)

GSM, a digital mobile telecommunications system has the advantage that far more than the analog systems, among them:

* The capacity of larger systems, because it uses digital technology in which usage of a channel not only for just one user. So when the user does not transmit information, the channel can be used by other users.
* Its as an international standard enables international roaming
* With digital technology, not only to deliver voice, but allows other services such as texts, images and video.
* Security system better
* The sound quality is more clear and sensitive.
* Mobile (can be taken anywhere)

However, the benefits of a diverse GSM proper course makes it the largest mobile telecommunications system users worldwide.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Keunggulan_GSM_sebagai_Teknologi_Generasi_Kedua_.282G.29

GSM network architecture

2010-09-22T21:25:00.002+07:00

GSM network architecture

Overall, the network element in the architecture of a GSM network can be divided into:

1. The Mobile Station (MS)
2. Base Station Sub-system (BSS)
3. Network Sub-system (NSS),
4. Operation and Support System (OSS)

Taken together, the entire network element above would establish a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network).

MS Mobile Station or a device used by subscribers for talks. Consisting of:

* Mobile Equipment (ME) or a handset, a GSM device which is on the users or customers that serves as a terminal transceiver (transmitter and receiver) to communicate with other GSM devices.
* Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) or the SIM Card, a card that contains all customer information and some information services. ME will not be used without a SIM inside it, except for emergency calls. Data stored in the SIM in general, are:

1. IMMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), is the numbering of the customer.
2. MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN), the number being the number of customer calls.

Or BSS Base Station System, consisting of:

* Base Transceiver Station BTS, GSM devices that are directly related to MS and functions as sending and receiving signals.
* BSC Base Station Controller, the device that controls base stations BTS working beneath it, and as a liaison BTS and MSC

Network Sub System or NSS, consisting of:

* Mobile Switching Center or MSC, is a central element network in a GSM network. MSC as the core of mobile networks, which serve to interconnect MSC talks relationships, both between cellular and wired networks PSTN, or with a data network.
* Home Location Register or HLR, which serves as a database to store all data and information about customers that is stored permanently.
* Visitor Location Register or VLR, which serves to store data and customer information.
* Authentication Center or AUC, which is required to store all the data needed to examine keabsahaan customers. So the talks are not legitimate customers is inevitable.
* Registration or EIR Equipment Identity, which includes customer data.

Operation and Support System or OSS, is a sub system of the GSM network that serves as a central control, including fault management, configuration management, performance management, and inventory management.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Keunggulan_GSM_sebagai_Teknologi_Generasi_Kedua_.282G.29

GSM Technical Specification

2010-09-22T21:23:00.000+07:00

GSM Technical Specification

In Europe, GSM was originally designed to operate at a frequency of 900 Mhz. At this frequency, the frequency of its use uplinks 890-915 MHz frequency, while the frequency of 935-960 MHz frequency downlinksnya. Bandwidth used is 25 MHz (915-890 = 960-935 = 25 MHz), and width of the canal amounted to 200 Khz. Of the two, then got 125 channels, in which 124 channels are used for voice and one channel for the signal. In its development, 124 of the channel increasingly inadequate in meeting the needs caused by rapidly growing number of users. To meet the needs of more channels, then the GSM regulators in Europe attempt to use additional frequency bands for GSM at 1800 MHz frequency range with frequency as a frequency of 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz frequency uplinks and downlinks as frequency. With the new GSM frequency bands was then known as GSM 1800, which provides a bandwidth of 75 MHz (1880-1805 = 1785-1710 = 75 Mhz). With the wide canal that remains the same ie 200 Khz same, when the GSM at 900 Mhz frequency, then the GSM will be available in 1800 as many as 375 canals. In Europe, the GSM standards and is also used for railway communication, which became known as GSM-R.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Spesifikasi_teknis_GSM

History and development of GSM ,

2010-09-22T21:22:00.001+07:00

History and development of GSM

Mobile communications technology has actually been developed and are widely used in the early 1980s, including C-NET system developed in Germany and Portugal, by Siemens, RC-2000 system that was developed in France, NMT system developed in Holland and Scandinavia by Ericsson, and TACS systems that operate in the UK. But the technology is still used in analog to make the system so that the regional character of the system between states with one another is not compatible with each other and cause the user's mobility is limited to a particular area of technology systems (can not roam between countries).

Analog technology is developed, the more incompatible with the development of European society that increasingly dynamic, hence to overcome the limitations, the European countries forming an organization in 1982 which aimed to determine the standards for cellular communications that can be used in all European countries. The organization is called the Group Special Mobile (GSM). This organization pioneered the emergence of digital cellular technology that became known as Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM.

GSM appeared in mid 1991 and finally made mobile telecommunications standard for the whole of Europe by the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). GSM operator of a new commercial can be started at the beginning of the last quarter of 1992 due to GSM technology is complex and profound needs assessment to be used as a standard. In September 1992, the standard type approval for mobile phones agreed to consider and put dozens of items in the manufacture GSM testing. At the beginning of its operation, the GSM has been anticipating the number of users very rapidly and the direction of service per area is high, so that the direction of technology development is the DCS GSM (Cellular Digital System) on the 1800 Mhz frequency allocation. With these frequencies, customers will achieve greater capacity per unit cell. In addition, with an area smaller cells will be able to reduce the power of mobile transmit power, so that the radiation hazards that may arise against the organs in the head will be cut. GSM usage then spread to Asia and America, including Indonesia. Indonesia initially using an analog cellular telephone system called AMPS (Advances Mobile Phone System) and the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). However, with present and dijadikannnya standard cellular communication system makes an analog system slowly disappearing, not only in Indonesia, but also in Europe. GSM user no longer growing. At the end of 2005, the world's GSM subscribers has reached 1.5 trillion customers. Eventually grow and expand as GSM cellular telecommunications system most widely used around the world. (Mela Dewinta 0606094516)

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM#Sejarah_dan_perkembangan_GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

2010-09-22T21:21:00.001+07:00

Global System for Mobile Communications

Global System for Mobile Communication GSM is an abbreviated cellular communications technology that is digital. GSM technology is widely used in mobile communications, especially mobile phones. This uses microwave technology and sending signals that are divided by time, so that the signal information sent will reach its destination. GSM become the global standard for mobile communications as well as a technology provider of the most widely used of people around the world.
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Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM

Soft Handoff

2010-09-18T08:07:00.001+07:00

Soft Handoff

Soft handoff (or soft handover) is one of the innovations in mobility which may be done with this CDMA.Hal technologies related to engineering or moved from one cell to another without any time terminate the radio. In the TDMA technology and analog systems, each cell in the frequency jet itself, is different than cells tetangganya.Jika a mobile device has reached the limits of the cell serving the call now, we can say will cut off the radio and quickly adjust to one frequency cell neighboring cells where the call has been transferred by the network due to movement of the location of mobile equipment tersebut.Jika bergenrak equipment could not adjust to the new frequency in an instant, then the call will be disconnected.

In the CDMA system, a set of neighboring cells all use the same frequencies for transmission and a different cell (or base station) in the sense that is a number called the "PN offset", offset from the beginning of time when pseudo-random noise sequences are known which are used to spread the signal from the base station.Dikarenakan all cells are on one frequency, listening on a different base stations today are the challenges in digital signal processing based on the offset of the PN sequences, rather than RF transmission and reception based on a separate frequency. When browsing through the CDMA mobile phone network, he recognized the PN offsets of neighboring cells and the reported strength of each signal back to the cell reference of the relationship conversation (cell is usually the strongest). If the signal from a neighboring cell is strong enough, mobile devices will be linked directly to " add a leg "'callnya and start mentranmisikan and receive to and from the new cell in terms of number of cells (or cells) call had just used. Similarly, if a cell signal weakens, the handset will be disconnected immediately hubungannya.Dslsm HSL, the handset can move from cell to cell and add and remove if necessary in order to keep the call up without breaking the relationship. In practice, there are limits of frequency, often between different siynal carrier or sub-jaringan.Pada this state, CDMA handsets will use the same path as in TDMA or analog and run an extreme movement where this is going to break the relationship and try take a new frequency in which he had just died

Features CDMA

2010-09-18T08:05:00.000+07:00

Features CDMA

* A narrow band message signal (narrowband) signal will be multiplied by the spread of broadband (wideband) or pseudonoise code
* Each user has a pseudonoise (PN) code itself alone.
* Soft capacity limit: the system performance will change for every user so the user number increases.
* Near-far problem (the problem of near-far)
* Interference limited to: power control is needed
* Raises bandwidth diversity, so that receipts rake receiver
* Will require all machines ever built by humans over the earth to crack the code of one and a half conversation in CDMA systems

CDMA Benefits

2010-09-18T08:04:00.001+07:00

CDMA Benefits

CDMA technology has several advantages when applied in a cellular system. Benefits include:

* Requires only one frequency is needed for some sectors / cell
* Does not require an equalizer to overcome the interference signal spectrum
* Can be combined with other access methods, do not need a timer (guard time) to see the range of time and guard band (guard band) to keep the intervention antarkanal
* Does not require frequency allocation and management
* Has a fine capacity to restrict the user access
* Has the protection of the process of tapping

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

2010-09-18T08:03:00.002+07:00

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a form of pemultipleksan (not a pemodulasian scheme) and an access method that divides the channel simultaneously is not based on time (as in TDMA) or frequency (as in FDMA), but in a way encodes data with a code specifically associated with each channel that exists and use the constructive interference properties of the special codes to perform pemultipleksan.

In the mobile phone telecommunications technology developments especially those related to third-generation (3G), CDMA into future technology options [1].

CDMA also refers to digital cellular telephone systems that use this collaborative access scheme, such as that initiated by Qualcomm.

CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English allies to foil German business interfere with their transmissions. Allies decided to transmit not only on one frequency, but at some frequencies, make it difficult to catch the Germans complete signal.

Since that CDMA is used in many communications systems, including the Global Positioning System (GPS) and satellite systems OmniTRACS for transport logistics. Final system was designed and built by Qualcomm, and became the forerunner who helped Qualcomm engineers to find the Soft Handoff and power control quickly, the technology needed to make a practical and efficient CDMA for terrestrial mobile communications.

Analog signal

2010-09-13T18:50:00.001+07:00

Analog signal

Analog signal is a term used in engineering (especially electrical engineering, information engineering, and technical controls), ie a change in scale and in time or space, and which has all the values for each value of time (and / or any value space ). Also the term used kontiyu cues, to illustrate that the scale had a value of continuous (unbroken).

Examples of analog signals are electrical signals generated by electrical equipment of non-digital: the voice signal on conventional radio, the signal image (picture) on a conventional camera, a video signal on conventional television.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_analog

Cable Modem

2010-09-13T18:47:00.000+07:00

Cable Modem

Cable Modem (Cable Modem), is the hardware that connect your PC with a cable TV connection. This cable TV network can be used to connect to the internet with a maximum speed of 27Mbps downstream (to the user's download speed) and 2.5 Mbps upstream (upload speed of the user). In order to use a cable modem, the computer must be equipped with an ethernet card (Ethernet card).
Network

Inside the home network, a cable from "Cable TV" using coaxial cable and installed a "dividing line" (splitter) cable. After the cable from the network (cable network) through the splitter, cables channeled into two channels, one to the TV and one to cable modem. From the new cable modem to the ethernet card and then to the computer.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_kabel

The types of modems

2010-09-13T18:46:00.000+07:00

The types of modems

* Modem 3GP
* GSM Modem
* Modem is an analog modem that converts analog signals into digital signals
* ADSL Modem
o Modem ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscribe Line) technology that allows Internet surfing and use the analog phone simultaneously. An easy way to ADSL provided a tool called a splitter or divider line. Splitter positions are placed in front when the incoming phone line. This means you can not branch to the ADSL modem line with direct sound. Splitter tool useful for removing noise when you're using ADSL modem. With Splitter both can run simultaneously, so users can answer and call someone with a regular phone. On the other hand, users can still connect to the internet via ADSL modem.
* Cable Modem is a modem that receives data directly from service providers via cable TV
* CDMA Modem

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem

Modem

2010-09-13T18:43:00.000+07:00

Modem acronym derived from modulator demodulator. Modulator is a part that transforms the signal into the information signal (carrier) and ready for delivery, while the Demodulator is the part that separates the information signal (which contains data or messages) received from the carrier signal so that information can be well received. Modem is the combination of both, it means the modem is a two-way communication tool. Each remote communications devices typically use two-way section called "modem", such as VSAT, microwave radio, etc., but generally the term modem is better known as the hardware that is often used for communication on the computer.

Data from the computer in the form of digital signal provided to the modem to be converted into an analog signal. Analog signals can be transmitted through several media, telecommunications such as telephone and radio.

Arriving at the destination modem, the analog signal is converted into digital signals back and sent to the computer. There are two types of modems are physical, ie an external modem and internal modem.
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Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)

2010-08-29T03:46:00.000+07:00

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is an algorithm to ensure data integrity and error checking on a data to be transmitted or stored.

The data to be transmitted or stored to a storage medium having errors so vulnerable, like the noise that occurs during the transmission or there is a hardware error. To ensure the integrity of the data to be transmitted or stored, the CRC can be used. CRC works in a simple, ie, by using mathematical calculations on a number called a checksum, which is based on the total bits to be transmitted or who want to be saved.

In the transmission network, especially in the network based on Ethernet technology, the checksum will be calculated on each frame shall be transmitted and added to the frame such as the information in the header or trailer. Recipients will recalculate the frame if the frame that he received absolutely no damage, by comparing the calculated value of the frame with the frame value contained in the header frame. If two values are different, then the frame has been changed and should be sent back.

CRC is designed to ensure data integrity against degradation due to random noise or other sources (damage to the media and others). CRC does not guarantee data integrity from the threat of modification to treat any suspicious by hackers, because the attackers can recalculate the checksum value checksum and replace the old with the new one to fool recipients.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_Redundancy_Check

Designing equipment that uses USB

2010-08-28T23:35:00.001+07:00

Designing equipment that uses USB

To make an equipment that can communicate with the USB protocol do not necessarily need to know the details of the USB protocol. Sometimes even do not need knowledge of the USB protocol altogether. Knowledge of the USB protocol is only required to know the specifications required for our equipment. In fact for mengimplemetasikan USB protocol on FPGA or other auxiliary device is very inefficient and a lot of wasted time to design it. Using the USB controller is more advisable to create a tool that can communicate using this protocol. USB controller has many forms, from the 8051-based microcontroller that has a USB input output directly to the protocol converter from the serial buses such as I2C to USB.

USB controllers are usually sold along with various facilities that facilitate the development of tools, including a complete manual, drivers for Windows XP, sample application code to access the USB, the example code for USB controllers, and schematics elektronikanya.

In the development of applications in personal computer software, communication between the hardware inside the USB hardware is not too concerned because Windows or another operating system that will take care of it. Software developers will only provide data that is sent to the USB devices in the buffer storage and read data from USB devices from the buffer reader. For any driver sometimes Windows already provide it, except for equipment that has a particular specification we have to create your own.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus#Perancangan_peralatan_yang_menggunakan_USB

USB Signalling

2010-08-28T23:33:00.000+07:00

USB Signalling

USB is a host-centric bus where the host / terminal stem started all transactions. The first package / markers (tokens) produced by the host beginning to clarify whether the packets that follow it will be read or written and what is the purpose of the device and endpoint. Subsequent packets are data packets, followed by a report on whether the handshaking packet data or marker has been well received or the endpoint fails to receive the data well.

Each process consists of a transaction on USB:

* Package token / marker signal (Header that describes the data that follows)
* Options packet data (including the level of charge) and
* The status of the package (to acknowledge / notification of the results of the transaction and for error correction)

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus#Persinyalan_USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

2010-08-28T23:32:00.000+07:00

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard for connecting devices, usually to a computer, but it is also used in other devices such as game consoles, mobile phones and PDAs.

A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host controller and multiple devices connected in the form of trees by using special hub devices.

USB design is intended to eliminate the need for adding expansion card to computer ISA or PCI bus, and improve the ability of the plug-and-play (plug-and-play) by allowing devices to be exchanged or added to the system without needing to reboot the computer. When the USB is installed, he was immediately recognized and processing computer system device drivers needed to run it.

USB can connect additional equipment such as computer mouse, keyboard, scanner images, digital cameras, printers, hard disk, and networking components. USB is now the standard for multimedia devices such as scanners and digital camera images.

The latest version (up to January 2005) USB is version 2.0. The most striking difference between old and new version is a much improved transfer speeds. USB data transfer speed is divided into three, among others:

* High speed data with clock frequency 480.00Mb / s and a tolerance of ± 500ppm signaling data.
* Full-speed data with clock frequency 12.000Mb / s data signaling and tolerance at ± 0.25% or 2.500 ppm.
* Low-speed data with clock frequency 1.50Mb / s data signaling and tolerance at ± 1.5% or 15.000 ppm.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus

Data Communications

2010-08-28T23:25:00.000+07:00

Data Communications

Data communication is the process of sending and receiving data / information from two or more devices (tools, such as a computer / laptop / printers / and other communication devices) are connected in a network. Both local and broad, like the internet

In general there are two types of data communication, namely:

Through Terrestrial Infrastructure
Using the media as cable and wireless access. The high cost required to build the infrastructure of this type. Several services including terrestrial, among others: Digital Data Network (SDL), Frame Relay, VPN MultiService and Packet Data Communication Connection (SKDP).
Through Satellite
Using satellite access. Usually, the area covered is more extensive and satellite access to reach the location that did not allow the construction of terrestrial infrastructure, but requires a long time for the process of communication. Another weakness of satellite communications is the presence of disturbances caused by solar radiation wave (Sun Outage) and the worst happens once every 11 years.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_data

ROM and NVRAM

2010-08-27T16:06:00.001+07:00

ROM and NVRAM

BIOS is also called the ROM BIOS for the original BIOS chip is stored in read-only memory (ROM) in the motherboard. Why is stored in ROM, is that the BIOS can be executed at the time the computer is turned on, without waiting for the lighting device penyipanan media first (which takes a long time). BIOS in modern PC is stored in ROM chips that can be electrically re-writeable or Flash ROM. That's why, now called Flash BIOS is more popular than the ROM BIOS. Here are some chip ROM BIOS used as storage.
Although BIOS is stored in read-only memory, the configuration is not stored in the ROM BIOS, (this is caused by the static nature of the ROM) but is a separate chip called the Real-time clock (RTC), which form a Non-Volatile Random Access Memory ( NVRAM). NVRAM also often referred to as Complimentary Metal-Oxide Random Access Memory (CMOS RAM), because it uses CMOS manufacturing methods. Because using the method of manufacture of CMOS, NVRAM requires very little power to operate. Although called non-volatile, NVRAM really is a chip that's volatile, so the data stored in it can be easily erased if power is interrupted menghidupinya. Therefore, the NVRAM "alive" by a battery (similar to a calculator or clock battery) with a material with a Lithium CR-2032 series. A Lithium battery CR-2032 can support NVRAM for three to five years. If the power in the battery is discharged, or the power supplied is lost (due to withdrawn from the slot), then all configurations will be returned to standard conditions, according to when the BIOS is programmed by the manufacturer. BIOS generally give reports or NVRAM CMOS Checksum Error Checksum Error.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS#ROM_dan_NVRAM

Computer graphics

2010-08-24T13:44:00.003+07:00

Computer graphics is part of computer science related to the manufacture and manipulation of images (visual) digitally. Simplest form of computer graphics is 2D computer graphics which later developed into a 3D computer graphics, image processing (image processing), and pattern recognition (pattern recognition). Computer graphics are often also known as data visualization.
Results from the rendering

Part of computer graphics include:

* Geometry: learn how to describe the surface field
* Animation: learn how to describe and manipulate the movement
* Rendering: learning algorithms to show the effects of light
* Image (Imaging): learn how to capture and editing images.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_Komputer

Set Theory

2010-08-24T13:36:00.000+07:00

Set Theory is a theory about the collection of abstract objects. Set theory is usually studied as one of the form:

* Naive set theory, and
* Axiomatic set theory, set theory is based on the terms and undefined relationships, and axioms that would build the whole theory of sets.

[Edit] Association

The set is a collection of certain objects which are included in one unit with a clear explanation. To declare a set, use capital letters like A, B, C etc.. While for the states of its members to use lowercase letters like a, b, c, etc..

There are four ways to express a set of

1. Enumeration: by registering all of its members (roster) is placed inside a pair of curly brackets, and among each of its members separated by commas. Example:
A = (a, i, u, e, o)

2. Standard symbols: the use of certain symbols that have been agreed. Example:
P is the set of positive integers
Z is the set of integers
R is the set of real numbers
C is the set of complex numbers

3. Forming a set of notation: by writing the general characteristics or general properties (roles) of the members. Example:
A = (x | x is the set of integers)

4. Venn diagram: graphically presents the set with each set is described as a circle and have set the universe (U) fixative DNG rectangular.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_himpunan

Discrete Mathematics

2010-08-24T13:15:00.000+07:00

Discrete or discrete mathematics is a branch of mathematics that discusses all things that are discrete. Discrete here means not interconnected (the opposite of continuous). Some of the things discussed in this mathematical set theory, combinatorial theory, permutations, relations, functions, recursion, graph theory, and others. Discrete mathematics is the main subject and the basis for the field of computer science or informatics.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_Diskrit

Graph theory

2010-08-24T13:11:00.000+07:00

In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is a branch of science that studies the properties of graphs. Informally, a graph is the set of objects called vertices (or nodes) connected by edge-edge (or arc). Usually described as a collection of graphs the dots (representing vertices) connected by lines (representing the edge).

There are so many structures that can be represented with graphs, and many problems can be solved with the help of graphs. Friendships on Friendster network can be represented by a graph: vertex-verteksnya is Friendster users and no edge between A and B if and only if A is friends with B. The development of algorithms to handle the graph will have a major impact for computer science.

A graph structure can be developed by giving weight to each edge. Weighted graph can be used to represent many different concepts. For example, if a graph represents a road network so its weight can mean a long road and the highest speed limit on certain roads. Another extension on the graph is to make edgenya trending, which is technically called a digraph or a digraph (directed graph). Digraph with weighted edges is called a network.

Networks are widely used in the practical branch of graph theory network analysis. It should be noted that the network analysis, the definition of the word "network" can be different, and often means a simple graph (without the weight and direction).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_graf

Thought ideology

2010-08-24T09:29:00.001+07:00

Broadly speaking, the AI is divided into two namely AI Conventional thinking ideology and Computational Intelligence (CI, Computational Intelligence). Conventional AI mostly involves methods now diklasifiksikan as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. Also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, AI and AI pure old-fashioned way (GOFAI, Good old fashioned Artificial Intelligence). Method-the method include:

1. Expert systems: apply the capabilities of the consideration to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on such information.
2. Petimbangan based case
3. Bayesian Networks
4. Behavior based AI: a modular method of building AI systems manually

Computational intelligence involves iterative development or learning (eg parameter tuning eg in connectionist systems. Learning is based on empirical data and are associated with non-symbolic AI, scruffy AI and soft computing. Methods mainly include:

1. Neural networks: systems with pattern recognition capabilities are very strong
2. Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, have been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
3. Evolutionary computation: applies the concepts of biologically inspired, such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest to produce better solutions.

These methods most notably divide into evolutionary algorithms (eg genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (eg ant algorithms)

With hybrid intelligent systems attempts are made to combine these two groups. Expert inference rules can be generated through neural network or production rules from statistical learning such as in ACT-R. A promising new approach mentioned that the strengthening of intelligence tried to achieve artificial intelligence in the process of evolutionary development as a side effect of the strengthening of human intelligence through technology.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_Buatan#Faham_Pemikiran

Artificial Intelligence

2010-08-24T09:28:00.001+07:00

Artificial Intelligence is defined as the intelligence shown by an artificial entity. It is usually considered a computer. Intelligence was created and inserted into a machine (computer) in order to do a job like that can be human. Several kinds of fields that use artificial intelligence expert system, among others, computer games (games), fuzzy logic, neural networks and robotics.

Many things that seem difficult for human intelligence, but for Informatics relatively no problem. As an example: transforming the equation, solve the integral equation, make a game of chess or Backgammon. On the other hand, things seem to require little human intelligence, until now still difficult to realize in Informatics. As an example: Introduction to Object / Front, playing soccer.

Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, AI forms a very important branch of computer science, associated with behavior, learning and intelligent adaptation in a machine. Research in AI involves making machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Includes example is controlling, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and question customers, as well as handwriting recognition, voice and face. Things like that have become separate disciplines, that focus on providing solutions to real life problems. AI systems are now often used in economics, medicine, engineering and military, as had been built in several applications of computer software and home video games.

'Artificial intelligence' was not only want to understand what intelligence system, but also mengkonstruksinya.

There is no satisfactory definition for 'intelligence':

1. intelligence: the ability to acquire knowledge and use
2. or intelligence that is what is measured by an 'Intelligence Test'

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecerdasan_Buatan

Token Bus

2010-08-24T09:26:00.001+07:00

Token Bus is a computer network that uses a virtual token ring in a koaxial cable. A token that is sent in a relay and turns in the network where computers are used to mark a right to transmit data packets. Each computer ([[node]]) must know the address of the next node that will have a turn in the delivery of data. If the node has no data to be sent, then the token will be sent directly to the next node.

Type of token bus protocol with the IEEE 802.4 standard is widely used in industrial applications such as automobile manufacturers GM (General Motors) through a system of Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) it. Token bus protocol system which can be used in unmodified FMS network

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Bus

mesh topology

2010-08-24T09:23:00.001+07:00

Mesh topology is a form of relationship between devices whereby each device is connected directly to other devices on the network. Consequently, in a mesh topology each device can communicate directly with the target device (dedicated links).

Thus the maximum number of connections between devices on the network can be calculated bertopologi this mesh is n (n-1) / 2. Moreover, because every device can connect to other devices on the network, each device must have as many as n-1 Port Input / Output (I / O ports).

Based on the above understanding, would be an example that if as many as 5 (five) computers will be connected in a mesh topology so that all connections between computers to function optimally, the necessary connection cables as much as five (5-1) / 2 = 10 cable connection, and each each computer must have a port I / O ports as much as 5-1 = 4 (see picture).

With this form of such relationship, mesh topology has several advantages, namely:

* Relationship dedicated links guarantees direct data delivered to the destination computer without having to go through another computer so it can more quickly because one link is used exclusively for communicating with the destination computer only (not used beramai-ramai/sharing).
* Having a robust nature, namely the event of disruption to computer connection A with computer B because of damage to the cable connections (links) between A and B, then the disturbance will not affect computer A connection with other computers.
* Privacy and security in mesh topology is more reliable, because the communication that occurs between the two computers will not be accessible by other computers.
* Facilitate the process of problem identification in the event of damage to connections between computers.

Nevertheless, the mesh topology is not without its shortcomings. Some deficiencies can be recorded as follows:

* Requires a lot of cable and port I / O. more and more computers in a mesh topology is needed more and more cable links and I / O ports (see the formula computation needs of cable and port).
* It also indicates that once the topology of this type * Because every computer must be connected directly with other computers then the installation and configuration becomes more difficult.
* Number of cable used also suggests the need to allow space in the room where the computers are located.

Based on the advantages and disadvantages, mesh topology is usually implemented on the main computers where each computer is the main form separate networks with different topologies (hybrid network).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_mesh

Ring topology

2010-08-24T09:21:00.000+07:00

Topology is ring-shaped network topology circuit, each point is connected to two other points, such that forming a circular path to form a ring. In a ring topology, data communication can be disrupted if a single point of disturbance. FDDI networks anticipate this weakness by sending data in clockwise and counterclockwise with clockwise direction simultaneously.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_cincin

Star topology

2010-08-24T09:20:00.001+07:00

Star topology is a form of network topologies in the form of convergence of the central node to each node or user. Star network topology including network topology with medium cost.
Excess

* Damage to a single channel will only affect the channel network and the station adrift.
* Security level is high.
* Resistant to a busy network traffic.
* Additions and reductions station can be done easily.
Shortage

* If the node was malfunctioning, then the entire network to a halt.
Handling

* The need for a backup center node set.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_bintang

Bus topology

2010-08-24T09:16:00.000+07:00

On a bus topology network two unjung must end with a terminator. Barrel connector can be used to expand them. Network consists of only one cable channel using BNC cables. Who wants to connect to a computer network can be linked himself with mentap Ethernet over cable.

Linear Bus: This layout includes the general layout. One main cable connecting each node, the computers that access a single channel with the tip of the tip. Each node is connected to two other nodes, except the engine at one end of the cable, each node is only connected to one another. This topology is often found on client / server, where one of the machines on the network functioned as a File Server, which means that the machine is devoted only to the distribution of data and are not usually used for processing information.

Bus network installation is very simple, cheap and consist of a maximum of 5-7 computers. The difficulty often faced is the possibility of data collisions because the mechanism is relatively simple network and if one node is broken it will disrupt the entire network performance and traffic.

* Excellence is developing a network bus topology or adding new workstations can be done easily without disrupting the other workstations.

* The weakness of this topology is that if there is interference along the cable, the center of the whole network will be disrupted.

Linear bus topology is a topology widely used in the mushrooming use of Coaxial cable. By using the T-Connector (with a 50ohm terminator on the end of the network), then the computer or other network device can easily be connected to one another. The main difficulty of using coaxial cables is difficult to measure whether the coaxial cable that is used completely matched or not. Because if not truly be measured properly will damage the NIC (network interface card) which is used and the network performance becomes constrained, not reaching maximum capacity. This topology is also frequently used in fiber-optic network with a base (which later merged with a star topology to connect with a client or a node.).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_bus

Software Engineering

2010-08-24T09:12:00.000+07:00

Software Engineering in principle emphasis on the stages of developing a software namely: Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance. On the broader stage of the Software Engineering Project Management based on Software development itself while considering the previous development stages.

In its development of software has various models of water fall model ('conventional model' as the previous model that was developed and due to fall almost the same water model with systems development life cycle), the prototype model ('model is preferred by users and developers), sequential model linear, model RAD 'rapid aplikation model', model 'formal methods' or 'formal methods' here before the holding of the implementation of the design first created a model that first verified that no more mistakes - mistakes during implementation.

SOurce :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer#Rekayasa_Perangkat_Lunak

Data Structure

2010-08-24T09:09:00.001+07:00

In computer science terms, a data structure is a way of storing, preparing and setting data in a computer storage medium so that data can be used efficiently.

In programming techniques, data structures means that the layout of data containing columns of data, whether that column visible to the user (the user) or the columns that are only used for programming purposes that are not visible to the user. Each row from the collection of these columns are called records (records). Column width for the data may change and vary. There is a wide column dynamically change according to input from users, and there is also a fixed width columns. With this character, a data structure can be applied to database processing (eg for the purposes of financial data) or for word processing (word processor) that the columns change dynamically. Examples of data structures can be seen in the papers spread sheet (spreadsheet), base-data (database), word processing, image dipampat (compressed), as well as file compression with a particular technique that utilizes the data structure.

source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur_data

RAM Memory

2010-08-24T09:03:00.000+07:00

RAM (Random-Access Memory) is one type of internal memory which determines the ability of a computer. Internal memory (Internal Memory) can be called the main memory (main memory) and primary memory (primary memory).
RAM is a type of memory whose contents can be replaceable as long as computers have the nature of life and can remember there is data or programs for the electric current and can store and retrieve data very quickly.

RAM is as a reminder function, and also as follows:

1. Storing data derived from the devices come in until the data is sent to the ALU for processing.
2. ALU processing results of store data before it is sent to the output device.
3. Accommodate the program or instructions coming from the device into or from secondary reminder tool.

RAM Memory Types

* SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) - RAM Type-made in 1996. SDRAM is the RAM in great legendary, and able to survive long in the development of computer systems. Consistent with the name of SDRAM has a synchronous dynamic term, namely the ability of RAM to match the processor's clock with the clock. If the RAM and processor in the same clock, then the computer will run a balanced system because the flow of data between them running smoothly. Technical characteristics have a 168-pin SDRAM, 3.3V & 100/133 MHz FSB. Currently SDRAM is not used anymore by the computer platform, the Pentium 4 was last used on the first generation version. Types of SDRAM: SDRAM 32, 64, 128, 256, 512MB PC100/133.
* DDR (Double Data Rate) - Type of RAM who is a further development of SDRAM technology. DDR is made in the year 2000. DDR was first created as the main competitor of RDRAM memory developed by Intel and Rambus who in the early generations of Pentium 4, and when this becomes mainstream of computer platforms. Technical characteristics of the DDR is a 184-pin, 2.5V & 266/333/400 MHz FSB. In theory DDR has twice the processing capability compared to SDRAM, because it can carry two bits in one clock his who-compared to only 1-bit SDRAM. DDR is still used on various platforms, such as the Pentium 4 & Celeron D and will soon be replaced with DDR2 technology. Types of DDR: DDR 128, 256, 512, 1.024MB PC2100/2700/3200.
* DDR2 (Double Data Rate Generation 2) - DDR2 is the next generation of DDR with improved features, such as the use of IC BGA (Ball Grid Array) that has a heat resistant & high density and a higher FSB. Technical characteristics of the 240-pin DDR2, 1.8V & 400/533/667/800 MHz FSB. DDR2 has a greater capacity of the DDR, where the latter can reach 2GB / modules. And now DDR2 will become the standard for all Intel platforms in 2006 and beyond. DDR2 Types: DDR 256, 512, 1.024MB PC3200/4300/5300/6400.
* RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM) - Type of RAM who was first created in 1999. RDRAM is the RAM that use of new technology developed by a company called Rambus. RDRAM who has the ability to match the bandwidth needs of bandwidth on the Intel Pentium 4 processor. Dual Channel technology, first introduced by RDRAM. Unlike others who have the type of processing Serial RDRAM, SDRAM & DDR who compared the parallel processing. Technical characteristics of RDRAM is 184-pin, 2.5V & FSB 800, 1066 by aristektur 16-bit (2 bytes). Currently all types of RDRAM is not used anymore on the computer because the price overcharge and its performance can be equaled by DDR/DDR2 already. These types of RDRAM: RDRAM 64, 128, 256, 512MB PC800/1.066 MHz.

Troubleshooting Memory

Memory (RAM) is damaged, not necessarily the PC will not operate. Usually the PC is faulty RAM ga normal way. The signs most frequently damaged RAM:

* Computer lights up, but do not want to boot (whether or not there is sound from PC speakers), the solution try to use the program to detect damage to ram, or try to replace it with another ram.
* Blue Screen nginstall time operating system. Sometimes the operating system file read error during install.
* "Crash" or Blue Screen of time run the application program.
* Computer suddenly restart itself.

Things that can cause damaged RAM memory:

* Lack of power from power supply
* "Hours fly" already a lot of memory
* Disability products
* Human Error

Source : http://purwanto85.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/memori-ram/

Detecting Damage Hardisk

2010-08-24T08:50:00.001+07:00

Hard drive as we know it is a vital component for your PC. Especially created to accommodate all the software functions as well as your data store. Then, what will become of the blue device jikatiba this one will not work, so, hile the data in it is important for your partner.

Some steps you can do to make your hard drive had been able to work again. Indeed bissa not guarantee your disks can be healthy again. But early detection is done, hopefully this can prevent further losses.

Here are step by step to detect the hard drive is being fussy.

1. Check the cables connecting
The first step you should do is check the connection that connects the hard disk with the other components. It's important to know whether the damage was derived from improper cable connections, or damaged. For that purpose, which should do is check the voltage utnuk connector cable. Make sure the cable connectors are still working optimally. If you hesitate, you can switch the power cable connector with less others. Next check whether the data cable is mounted on the appropriate ports. Then check on the cable channels, if there are broken or not. If all the connectors, these connectors you think nothing is broken, meaning the damage is not in this section.

2. Detection in the BIOS
The next step taken is entered in the BIOS. Make sure you connect the hard drive is still detected in the BIOS. If not, you can force the detection system. How to adjust the settings to your hard drive so that the detection system. On some type of BIOS, to do this so that you can use fiturAutodeteck hard drive can be read by the system. Once read, you can exit from the BIOS and check whether the hard drive is working again as usual. Do not forget to set the jumper settings on the back of the hard drive to hard drive status on the system.

3. Using the SMART feature
This facility already exists in most current BIOS. In standard usage, this feature is usually turned off in order to get faster boot process. However, if you are a little doubt about the state of your hard disk, this feature can detect early whether or not hardiak disorder. All you have to do to run this feature is to go into BIOS and select options enabled. When this feature is enabled, the system will detect whether your hard drive is really broken.

4. Using Norton Disk Doctor
Use of this software can be done two ways, through DOS or also through the windows. When the system is not able to perform the detection of hard drive installed, you can use a bootable floppy or CD and choose the Norton Disk Doctor which works under DOS system. Make checks through the scanning process intact. If your hard disk can still be saved, Norton Disk Doctor will perform auto recovery to repair the damage.

5. Using the Zero Fill Drive
If damage to the hard drive can also apparently has not been repaired by Norton Disk Doctor, using the disk manager of the hard drive could be the solution. One is using zero fill drive feature, aka empty the hard drive altogether. This is done to overcome the damage that might be caused by a buildup of software. With this feature completely blank hard drive without rest.

After that, you can perform a full format to find out for sure, whether the damage occurred on the hard drive is hardware only, means the hard drive had to be replaced.

That the steps taken for detecting damage to a disk. This method is not always successful, depending on the Tertiary damage each disk. However, if the damage is not too heavy, undoubtedly the steps above can improve the hard drive

PCplus Magazine

Source :http://viozaax.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/mendeteksi-kerusakan-hardisk/

Computer engineering

2010-08-20T08:16:00.001+07:00

Computer engineering (also called computer systems engineering, English: computer engineering) is a specialized discipline that combines electrical engineering and computer science. A computer technician is a technician weak electrical currents that are more focused on digital circuit system, a data communication system at radio frequencies, and electronics as part of the overall computer. Computer science from the glasses, a computer technician is a software architect who has focused on the interaction between software and hardware components of the program and its supporters. Academically, computer engineering emphasis on types of courses:

* Electronics and digital systems
* Microprocessor and assembler language
* Computer architecture or computer organization
* Computer network and Internet
* Computer parallels, dll

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_komputer

Computer Science

2010-08-20T08:12:00.001+07:00

Computer Science generally defined as the science of learning both about computing, hardware devices (hardware) and software (the software). Computer science includes a variety of topics related to computers, ranging from the abstract analysis of algorithms to more concrete subjects like programming languages, software, including hardware. As a discipline, Computer Science is more emphasis on computer programming and software engineering (software), while computer engineering were more likely to relate to things like computer hardware (hardware). However, both terms are widely misunderstood by many people.

Church-Turing thesis states that all computing devices that have been commonly known virtually identical in terms of what they can do, though with different efficiency. This thesis is sometimes regarded as the basic principles of computer science. Computer science experts usually emphasize the von Neumann computers or Turing machines (computers that work on small tasks and deterministic at a time), because things like that most computers used today. Computer scientists are also studying other types of machines, some of which can not be of practical use (such as neural computers, DNA computers, and quantum computers) and some are still quite theoretical (such as computers and computer random oracle).

Computer Science learn what can be done by some programs, and what is not (computability and artificial intelligence), how the program should evaluate the outcome (algorithm), how the program should store and retrieve a specific bit of an information (data structures), and how to program and communicate the user (the user interface and programming language).

Computer science is rooted in electronics, mathematics and linguistics. In the last three decades of the twentieth century, computer science has become a new discipline and has developed his own methods and terminology.

The first computer science department at Purdue University was founded in 1962. Almost all universities now have departments of computer science.

The highest award in computer science is the Turing Award, the winner of this award are all pioneers in their field.

Edsger Dijkstra said:

Computer science is not about computers as astronomy is not about the telescope

Renowned physicist Richard Feynman said:

Age is not as old as computer science of physics; several hundred years younger. However, this does not mean that the "dish" far fewer computer scientists than physicists. It is younger, but grew up in a much more intense!

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer

Management information system (MIS)

2010-08-20T08:08:00.001+07:00

Management information system (MIS) (English: management information system, MIS) is part of the internal controls of a business that includes the use of human, documents, technology, and accounting procedures by management to solve business problems such as cost of products, services, or a strategy business. Differentiated management information systems with common information systems because the SIM is used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities of the organization. In academia, the term is generally used to refer to the group management method of information related to the automation or support of human decision making, eg decision support systems, expert systems and executive information systems.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_informasi_manajemen

Informatics

2010-08-20T08:06:00.000+07:00

Informatics is a scientific discipline that studies the transformation berlambang facts, data and information on computing-based machines. These disciplines include several kinds of fields, including: computer science, information science, information systems, computer engineering and application information in management information systems. In general, informatics study the structure, properties, and interaction of several systems used to collect data, process and store the results of data processing, and display it in the form of information. Aspects of informatics broader than just computer-based information systems, but still a lot of information that is not and has not been processed by computer.

Informatics has the basic concepts, theories, and the development of a separate application. Informatics can support and is associated with cognitive and social aspects, including those regarding the effect and social effect of information technology in general. Use the information in some kinds of fields, such as bioinformatics, medical informatics, and information that support the science library, a few other examples from the field of informatics.

In a broader scope, informatics includes several aspects:

* Information theory to study the mathematical concept of an information
* The science that studies the information about how the collection, classification, storage manipulation, access, and dissemination of information for the overall social and community
* Computer science and computer engineering who learned about the processing, archiving, and dissemination of information using information technology and other computer-based tools.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika

Computer Science

2010-08-20T07:54:00.000+07:00

The role of satellite-based navigation tools in the health world

2010-08-19T16:13:00.000+07:00

The role of navigation tools on the public health world is inseparable from the use of GIS (Geographical Information System), or the term generally is mapping. When used in the health field, both of these closely associated with health information systems in a broad sense.

Its use in the world of public health aimed at helping provide information so that decision makers can do its job more easily and accurately. Here the decision maker does not always mean the administrative structure of governance, but also can mean that community groups and individuals. If decision makers do not use the information provided, then this activity is a waste of time, effort, and funds.

Today, many party menggunakaan satellite-based navigation devices and mapping in planning, deciding, implementing, and evaluating the program - a community-based programs. The most frequent use is a non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international and national, in the disaster control programs. Consumption in the health sector in Indonesia is still very little can be said almost nothing.

The biggest problem is the cost and resources available, and is therefore rarely interested parties to develop it. If already available, knowledge about the benefits of the information obtained is also still in doubt. Questions that need to be answered is: How important is the benefit gained? This became a central question because although information from the mapping is not available, all activities during this still can be done.

True, without information from pemetaanpun result, public health programs can be conducted. However, what about the 'time' required to achieve the desired condition? And what can be more accelerated when the decisions taken better targeted? There lies the main functions of the health information system, this system should be able to provide the necessary information so that decision makers can do a good job. The same mistake not be repeated again the perfect time to come. For example, the same disease outbreak is not solved in the same way from year to year, so that eventually became the regular outbreaks.

Mapping and use of satellite-based navigation tool is a part of your overall health information systems. Without the support of other parts, then the benefits gained will not be maximized. Further, if the decisions made had nothing to do with the information obtained, the information systems function is lost.

The type of information can be displayed depending on the data entered into the mapping system. This mapping system can integrate data numbers (in the form of statistics, survey results, the monthly reports, etc.) from the health information system with a visual map. So that can be viewed at the macro and micro.

For example, in the image on the right, visible image of places where TB disease treatment service providers in the country of Zambia in 2004 that the material is taken from WHO (World Health Organization). The information will be shown will resemble this information, which will have no meaning if not accompanied by 'story' and is followed by analysis. For example, these maps can be seen that the scope of services has not been able to reach all areas equally. This information can be used by decision makers to improve the condition.

Coverage mapping not necessarily in a large area, but can be used for small areas, such as a village. Map on the above example also consists of a combination of areas of the smaller, which can be selected for display on the screen. Types of visual information such as the above are not absolute should be available, because the analysis could be done by using the figures contained in health information systems.

So, the main function of the above mapping is to facilitate decision-makers to improve existing conditions. With the presence of visual information like this, so users can more easily see the situation and conditions. The next step remains on decision makers.

WHO has been providing free programs for the purposes of this mapping, which will be used in conjunction with the survey program (also free) to them. This program can be downloaded for free from http://www.who.int/health_mapping/tools/healthmapper/en/index.html. Furthermore, on the WHO website, this mapping results can be unified with other countries online. Of course, only the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia can do it for the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Results of mapping of the entire world can be viewed at the following address: http://www.who.int/health_mapping/tools/globalatlas/en/index.html.

DGPS (Differential Global positioning system)

2010-08-19T16:11:00.000+07:00

DGPS (Differential Global positioning system) is a system or a way to improve the GPS, using land stations, which transmits the correction location. With this system, then when the navigation device receives the correction and enter into the calculation, the accuracy of navigation devices will increase. Therefore, using the land station, the signal can not cover large areas.

Although different in the way of work, SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) in general can be said is that using satellite DGPS. Coverage area is much broader than the use DGPS ground station. There are several acknowledged for SBAS, that is WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System), EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service), and MSAS (Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System). Managed by the U.S. WAAS, EGNOS by the European Union, and MSAS by Japan. All three systems are mutually compatible with one another, which means navigation devices can use one system, will be able to use the two other systems also. At this time only WAAS is already fully operational and can be enjoyed by the user navigation tools in the world. However, a DGPS ground station are functioning properly, can improve the accuracy exceeds / equals improvement can be achieved by SBAS.

In general, can be divided into two major parts, namely "real time (direct)" and "Post-processing (after the activity is completed)." The purpose of the 'real time' is a navigation tool that uses SBAS or DGPS signals when used directly. While the 'post processing' meant that the data collected by the navigation tools in the process of re-using data from the DGPS ground station. There are plenty of DGPS ground stations around the world can we use for this, both free and paid versions, even we can directly use it via the internet.

Although DGPS or SBAS can improve accuracy, but on condition that the emitted signal contains a correction to an area where we use the navigation tool. If it does not contain the correction data for the area, there will be no increase in accuracy.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS#DGPS

Satellites and Type of satellite

2010-08-19T16:08:00.000+07:00

Satellites are objects that orbit other objects with a certain period of revolution and rotation. There are two types of satellites that natural satellites and artificial satellites. The rest of this article will range from about artificial satellites.

Type of satellite

* Satellite astronomy are satellites used to observe the planets, galaxies and other celestial objects are far away.
* Communications satellites are artificial satellites placed in space with the goal of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbit Geosynchronous satellite or, even if some of the latest type of low Earth orbiting satellites.
* Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, such as reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military usage such as environmental observation, meteorology, cartography, etc..
* Satellite navigation is a satellite that uses radio signals transmitted to the receiver on the ground surface to determine the location of a point on the surface of the earth. One of the most popular satellite navigation is the GPS of the United States other than that there is also Russia's Glonass. If the view between satellites and receivers on the ground there is no interference, then with a satellite signal receiver (GPS receiver), can be obtained position data in a place with a few meters accuracy in real time.
* Spy satellites are Earth observation satellites or communication satellites used for military purposes or spying.
* Satellite solar power is a proposed satellite built in high Earth orbit that uses microwave power transmission to solar power to shine a very large antenna on Earth who dpaat used to replace conventional power sources.
* Space stations are man-made structure designed for human habitation in space. Space stations are distinguished from other spacecraft by its lack of the main spacecraft propulsion or landing facilities and other vehicles used as transportation to and from the station. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weekly, monthly or even yearly.
* Satellite weather is diguanakan satellites to observe Earth's weather and climate.
* Satellite miniature is lighter and smaller satellites. New classification was made to categorize these satellites: Satellite Mini (500-200 kg), micro satellite (below 200 kg), nano satellites (under 10 kg).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit#Jenis_satelit

Satellite navigation system

2010-08-19T16:04:00.000+07:00

Satellite navigation system is a system used to determine positions on Earth, using the satellite. Satellite navigation system sends the position data (longitude and latitude, and altitude) and time signals from satellites, to a receiver on the surface. Recipients can know its position on the surface, as well as the appropriate time.

In 2007, the satellite navigation system that serves only NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), the United States. GLONASS, the Russian satellite navigation system is in a stage of improvement, and is expected to be completed in 2010. The European Union is in process of launching a new satellite navigation system called Galileo, scheduled for completion in 2013. Other satellite navigation system being developed is owned by the PRC and IRNSS Beidou Indian-made.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_navigasi_satelit

Global Positioning System (GPS)

2010-08-19T16:02:00.000+07:00

Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only satellite navigation system is functioning properly. This system uses 24 satellites that transmit microwave signals to Earth. This signal is received by a receiver on the surface, and is used to determine position, velocity, direction and time. Similar to the GPS system that among other things the Russian GLONASS, Galileo European Union, India IRNSS.

This system was developed by the United States Department of Defense, with his full name is NAVSTAR GPS (common mistake is that the NAVSTAR is an acronym, this is wrong, NAVSTAR is the name given by John Walsh, an important policy makers in the GPS program). [1] This collection of satellites maintained by the 50th Space Wing United States Air Force. This system maintenance costs of about U.S. $ 750 million per year, [2] including the replacement of old satellites, as well as research and development.

GPS Tracker or often called a GPS Tracking is a technology AVL (Automated Vehicle Locater) that allows users to track the position of the vehicle, or fleet car in the state of Real-Time. GPS Tracking utilizing a combination of GSM and GPS technology to determine the coordinates of an object, and then translate it in the form of digital maps.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS

Touch Screen

2010-08-19T16:01:00.001+07:00

Touch Screen

All PDAs use a touch-sensitive screen features in its operation. This is because many features of a PDA that required him to have a big screen. When coupled with the keyboard it will make a bigger shape and no longer efficient. Therefore, touch-screen technology diguanakan as shortcut keys. The touch screen is operated using a stylus (a special pen). There are four ways to enter text:

1. Using a virtual keyboard that automatically appears on the screen sentuhya.
2. Using an external keyboard connected via USB or Bluetooth.
3. Using letter or word recognition ability. You do this by writing letters or words on the touch screen, which then will be corrected automatically by the system is contained on your PDA

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDA#Layar_Sentuh

WiMAX Frequency Spectrum

2010-08-19T14:51:00.000+07:00

As a technology based on the frequency, the success of WiMAX depends on the availability and suitability of the frequency spectrum. Wireless systems recognize two types of frequency bands ie Licensed and unlicensed band Band. Licensed band requires a license or authority of the regulator, which obtained a licensed band operators are given exclusive rights to hold services in a particular area. While unlicensed band that does not require a license in their use allows anyone to use freely frequencies in all areas.

WiMAX Forum established two main frequency bands in certication profile for Fixed WiMAX (band 5.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz), while the fourth set for Mobile WiMAX frequency bands in the system-a release profile, ie the band 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz .

Generally, there are several alternative frequencies for WiMAX technology in accordance with the frequency map of the world. From the alternative frequency band 3.5 GHz to Fixed WiMAX frequencies majority in some countries, especially for countries in Europe, Canada, Middle East, Australia and parts of Asia. While the majority of the frequencies used for Mobile WiMAX at 2.5 GHz.

Issues Fixed WiMAX frequencies in the 3.3 GHz band that only appeared in Asian countries. This is related to the use of 3.5 GHz band for satellite communications, as well as in Indonesia. 3.5 GHz band used by satellites in Indonesia Telkom and PSN to provide IDR and broadcast TV services. Thus the use of a joint between the satellite and terrestrial wireless (BWA) in the 3.5 GHz frequency will cause the potential for interference, especially on the side of the satellite.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#Spektrum_Frekuensi_WiMAX

Extranet or Extranet

2010-08-16T21:49:00.000+07:00

Extranet or Extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols and public telecommunication system to share some information on safely operating a business or to the dealer (supplier), the seller (vendor), partner (partner), customers and others.

Extranet can also be interpreted as a corporate intranet which widened to users outside the company. Companies that build extranet can be a big volume of data exchanged with EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), in collaboration with other companies in a network of cooperation and others.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstranet

WiMAX Networks,

2010-08-16T21:48:00.000+07:00

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a broadband wireless access technology (broadband wireless access or BWA abbreviated) which have high speed access with a wide range. WiMAX is an evolution from previous BWA technology with the features of the more interesting. In addition to higher data speeds can be given, WiMAX is also a technology with open standards. WiMAX devices in the sense of communication between different vendors can still be done (not proprietary). With large data speeds (up to 70 MBps), WiMAX can be applied for broadband connection 'last mile', or backhaul.

SOurce :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX

WAN

2010-08-16T21:47:00.001+07:00

WAN is the abbreviation of the term information technology in English: Wide Area Network is a computer network covering a large area as an example is computer networking among regions, cities or even countries, or can be defined as well as computer networks require routers and public communications channels.

WAN is used to connect a local network with other local networks, so users or computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN

Modes of WLAN operation

2010-08-16T21:44:00.000+07:00

Peer-to-peer or ad-hoc mode This mode is a method of wireless devices to directly communicate with one another. Operating in ad-hoc mode wireless device memolehkan with distance from each other to see and communicate in a peer-to-peer without involving central access points. This mesh is typically used by the two PCs to connect themselves, so others can share the Internet connection for example, as for the wireless network. If you have a power gauge for incoming signals from all ad-hoc device pegukur will not be able to read it in akuratr strength, and can be misleading, because the strongest signal strength to berregistrasi, such as the nearest computer.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN#Mode_dari_operation

Shortage and Security Wireless local area network or WLAN

2010-08-16T21:42:00.002+07:00

Shortage

Problem of lack of security of the wireless connection has become a topic of debate. Security system was originally used by the WLAN is WEP, but this protocol provides only minimal security because of serious shortcomings. Another option is WPA, SSL, SSH, and other encryption software.

Security

On cable networks, one can often, in some degree, close access to the network physically. Geographical distance from the wireless network is significantly larger more often than office or home covered; neighbors or arbritrary offenders may be able to smell and all traffic and non-authority access internal network resources as the Internet, is likely to send spam or perform activities illegal use of IP address owners, if security can not be taken seriously.

Some advocate will look at all access points available openly available to the public, on the basis that all people will benefit from when the traffic gets online.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN#Kekurangan

Wireless local area network or WLAN

2010-08-16T21:40:00.001+07:00

Wireless local area network or WLAN is a wireless local area network that uses radio waves as a medium tranmisinya: The last link is wireless, to provide a network connection to all users in the surrounding area. Area can be located from a single room to the entire campus. The backbone network usually uses kable, with one or more network access points connect wireless users to a wired network.

Wireless LAN is a wireless network that uses radio frequency for communication between computers and finally the access point that is the basis of two-way radio transiver typically work in the bandwidth 2.4 GHz (802.11b, 802.11g) or 5 GHz (802.11a) . Most equipment has the qualifications Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g accommodation and offers several levels of security such as WEP or WPA and.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN

Local area network LAN

2010-08-16T21:38:00.001+07:00

Local area network LAN commonly abbreviated is a computer network whose network only covers a small area, such as campus computer networks, buildings, offices, in homes, schools or smaller. Today, most LAN based on IEEE 802.3 Ethernet technologies use the device switches, which have a data transfer speed 10, 100, or 1000 Mbit / s. In addition to Ethernet technology, current technology, 802.11b (often called Wi-fi) is also often used to form a LAN. Places that provide LAN connectivity with Wi-fi technology, commonly called hotspots.

On a LAN, each node or computer has the computing power itself, in contrast to the concept of a terminal dump. Each computer can also access existing resources on the LAN in accordance with the access rights that have been arranged. Resources can be data or devices such as printers. On the LAN, a user can also communicate with other users using the appropriate application.

In contrast to Wide Area Network or Wide Area Network (WAN), the LAN has the following characteristics:

1. Has a higher data rapidly
2. Covers a narrower geographic area
3. Does not require telecommunications lines leased from telecom operators

Usually one of the computers in the computer network that would use a server that manages all the systems within that network.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Network

PDA Work System

2010-08-16T21:35:00.001+07:00

PDA Work System

As handheld computers, PDAs have processor and operating system like a normal computer. This operating system is the main software on your PDA. How it works just like on a computer operating system like Windows XP, Mac OS, but designed specifically for PDAs. There are two common PDA operating system on the Palm and Pocket PC (Windows Mobile). Both work with different software programs, so even though contains many documents such as pictures, music and other measures that could be used but not in programming. In data storage without katru memory, stored in dozens of megabytes of RAM with size, while its energy sources coming from the battery (formerly A3) refill. Also could also use an adapter which is connected kestop AC contacts.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDA#Sistem_Kerja_PDA

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

2010-08-16T21:33:00.001+07:00

PDA Personal Digital Assistant is an abbreviated, computer-based electronic devices and small form and can be taken everywhere. PDAs are widely used as personal organizers at first, but because of its development, then multiply the function uses, such as a calculator, bookmark hours and time, computer games, who accessed the Internet, receiving and sending electronic mail (e-mail), a radio receiver, video recorder, and memo recorder. Apart from it with a PDA (pocket computer), we can use the address book and store addresses, e-book reading, using GPS and many more other functions. Even a more sophisticated version of the PDA can be used as mobile phones, Internet access, intranets, or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Network. One characteristic of most primary PDA is a touch screen facility.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDA

Smart phones

2010-08-16T21:30:00.000+07:00

Smart phones is a mobile phone that has a high level of ability, sometimes with computer-like functions. Currently no standard definition of the factory that determines a smart phone. For some, the smart phone is a phone that works using the entire operating system software that provides standards and fundamental relationships for application developers. For others, just a smart phone is a phone that provides advanced features such as surel (electronic mail), internet and the ability to read electronic books (e-books) or there is a keyboard (either built-in or external) and a VGA connector. In other words, smart phones are mini computers that have the capability of a phone.

Growth in demand for sophisticated portable devices everywhere make great advances in processor, memory, display and operating system that is out of cell phone lines since the last few years.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_pintar

How to work a mobile phone

2010-08-16T21:23:00.003+07:00

In mobile phones, there is a speaker, microphone, keyboard, display screen, and powerful circuit board with microprocessors that make each phone like a mini computer. When dealing with wireless networks, a set of technology to enable users to make calls or exchanging data with another phone or by computer.

Wireless networks operate in a network that divides the city or region into cells smaller. One cell covers several city blocks or up to 250 square miles. Each cell uses a set of radio frequencies or channels to provide services in specific areas. The strength of this radio to be controlled to limit the geographic reach of the signal. Hence, the same frequencies can be reused in nearby cells. So many people can have conversations simultaneously in different cells in the entire city or region, even though they are in one channel.

In each cell, there are basic station that contains the wireless antennas and other radio equipment. Wireless antenna in each cell will menghbungkan caller to the local telephone network, Internet, or other wireless networks. Mentransimiskan wireless antenna signal. When the cell phone turned on, the phone will look for a signal to confirm that the service is already available. Then the phone transmits certain identification numbers, so the network can verify information such as customer-service provider of wireless, and phone numbers.

* Calls from mobile phones to call home

When making calls from mobile phones to a regular home phone, the call is walked in through a nearby wireless antenna and will be modified by penghantar wireless to traditional landline phone system. The call will then be directed to the traditional telephone network and to the people who call destination.

* Calls from Phone to Phone Handheld Handheld

When making a call from this, the call will be routed through the landline network to the introduction of wireless receiver or wireless network will be routed to the nearest cell with a person who is the purpose of the call. At the time talking on cell phones, the mobile phone will capture the sound and change the sound into radio frequency energy (radio waves). radio waves will go through the air to find the nearest base station receiver. Base station then sends the call through a wireless network up to the person who is the destination phone.

* Long-distance calls

when making a call to someone who is very far away, the call will be routed to the central exchange distant history, which connect calls between countries or around the world via fiber optic cable.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Cara_kerja

Generation IV

2010-08-16T21:19:00.002+07:00

Generation IV

This generation is also called Fourt Generation (4G). 4G is a cellular telephone system that offers a new approach and infrastructure solutions that integrate existing wireless technologies including wireless broadband (WiBro), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, dlll. 4G systems based on the heterogeneity of IP networks that allow users to use a variety of systems anytime and anywhere. 4G also provides users with high speed, high volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility utnuk explore the various different technologies. Finally, 4G provides fast data transmission services to accommodate various multimedia applications such as video conferencing, online gaming, etc..

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Generasi_IV

Generation III 3-G mobile phones

2010-08-16T21:15:00.003+07:00

Generation III
3-G mobile phones

This generation is also called 3G that enables network operators to give their users a wider range, including the internet as well as high tech video calls. In there are three standards for 3G telecommunications world is Enhance Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000. The downside of this is the next generation 3G relater higher costs, and lack of network coverage because of this technology is still new.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Generasi_II

First Generation , 1G generation mobile phone

2010-08-16T21:08:00.001+07:00

First Generation
1G generation mobile phone

The first generation cellular phone is also called 1G. 1-G is the first real mobile phone. In 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola Corp. cell phones first discovered and introduced to the public on April 3, 1973. Cellular phone was found by Cooper weighs 30 ounces or approximately 800 grams. This invention has changed the world forever. Technology used an analog-G and is still known as AMPS. AMPS uses frequency between 825 MHz-894 MHz and operated at 800 Mhz band. Because it is analog, then the system continues to be used regionally. One drawback is the generation of 1-G because of its size that is too large to be held by hand. This is because the large size and energy needs of poor battery performance. In addition a generation-G still has problems with mobility. During the call, the user mobility is limited to coverage area of cellular phone

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Generasi_I

Generation 0 , Handle-talkie SCR536

2010-08-16T17:00:00.003+07:00

Generation 0
Handle-talkie SCR536

History of the discovery of cell phones can not be separated from the development of radio. Early discovery of cell phones began in 1921 when the Detroit Police Department Michigan tried using a car phone in one direction. Then, in 1928 the Detroit Police Department began using one-way radio communication on all regular patrol car with a frequency of 2 MHz. on subsequent developments, radio evolved into a two-way communication with''''frequency modulated (FM).

In 1940, Galvin Manufactory Corporation (now Motorola) to develop a portable Handle SCR536-talkie, which means a communication tool on the battlefield during World War II. This period is the next generation mobile phone 0 or 0-G, where cell phones were introduced.

After removing the SCR536, later in the year 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation issued a return partable first FM two-way radio that is named SCR300 backpack model for U.S. army This tool weighs about 35 pounds and can work effectively within the operating range of 10 to 20 miles.

System-G 0 cell phones still use a VHF radio system for connecting a phone directly to PSTN landline. The weakness of this system is the problem of congestion on the network which then led to attempts to change this system.

Generation 0 ends with the discovery of the modern concept by engineers from Bell Labs in 1947. They invented the concept of using hexagonal phone as a basic cell phone. However, this new concept was developed in the 1960s.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Generasi_0

Functions and features

2010-08-16T16:58:00.001+07:00

Besides functioning to make and receive phone calls, the phone is generally also has the function of sending and receiving short messages (short message service, SMS). There is also a provider of mobile telephone services in several countries that provide third generation services (3G) by adding a videophone service, as a means of payment, as well as for online television on their mobile phones. Now, mobile phone into a multifunctional gadget. Following the development of digital technology, now the phone is also equipped with a wide range of features, such as could capture the radio and television, audio player software (MP3) and video, digital cameras, gaming, and internet services (WAP, GPRS, 3G). In addition to these features, the phone is now embedded computer features. So on the phone, people can change the phone functionality into a mini computer. In the business world, this feature is very helpful for the businessmen to perform all tasks in one place and make work projects are completed in a short time.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular#Fungsi_dan_fitur

Mobile phones

2010-08-16T16:49:00.001+07:00

Mobile phones (abbreviated telgam) often called the mobile phone (abbreviated as HP) or referred to as a cellular phone (abbreviated phone) is an electronic telecommunications device that has the same basic capabilities with conventional telephone lines and equipment, but can be taken anywhere (portable, mobile ) and need not be connected with telephone network using a wired (wireless, wireless). Currently, Indonesia has two wireless telephone network is a GSM system (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon_selular

Config.sys is a file in MS-DOS operating system

2010-08-16T04:00:00.000+07:00

Config.sys is a file in MS-DOS operating system which is intended to adjust the overall system. Hardware drivers, such as CD-ROM drive, mouse (if any), sound cards, memory managers put into this file to be loaded. Though it ends with. SYS (System), this file is actually a text file with ASCII encoding so that it can be edited easily using a text editor such EDIT.COM, E. EDLIN.COM or EXE. This file is one of the important file in MS-DOS, after the IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS

MS-DOS version 7.xx

2010-08-16T03:57:00.000+07:00

MS-DOS version 7.0 was released just months before Microsoft released Windows 95, a version of Windows that is completely independent of the MS-DOS. Actually, Windows 95 are not truly 100% free from MS-DOS, it's just some functionality that was previously handled by MS-DOS kernel, now handled by Windows. MSDOS.SYS file which in previous versions are binary files (programs), now just a plain text file, which contains the computer boot process only, and sundry lines containing "xxx" with functions that are not clear.

Not much improvement that occurred at 7:00 this DOS because some functions have been moved to Windows 1995. Windows 95 is an additional version of Windows with Win-32 API and a redesigned desktop. Windows 95 has a central control from the Start Menu button at the bottom left corner of your screen. When a new two-month supply, said Microsoft get lucky very big at all, because Windows 1995 has been sold to more than 7 million copies.

When Microsoft launched Windows 98, Microsoft also revised version of DOS to 7:10 with support for FAT32 file system is much more efficient than FAT16 file system. The functionality of MS-DOS owned by 7:10 too much pruning. The result, in late 1999, Microsoft launched its new Windows version, code-named Georgia (Windows Millennium Edition) are really without DOS!

Actually, the operating system completely without ever created by Microsoft's DOS prior to Windows NT, only Windows NT is targeted for minicomputer, network servers, mainframes, and workstations. Its use makes it very difficult to elaborate adopted by the beginners in the field of computers.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_versi_7.xx

MS-DOS version 6.xx

2010-08-16T03:56:00.001+07:00

MS-DOS version 6.0 was released in 1993. This version has many additional utilities, like Norton Antivirus (MSAV.EXE), Virus Protection (VSAFE.COM) which was adopted from Central Point PC Tools. In addition, there is also a utility to perform disk defragmentation (DEFRAG.EXE) adopted from Symantec's Norton Utilities, a utility used to check the hard disk of the beam placement errors and damage (SCANDISK.EXE) as a replacement CHKDSK.EXE, and various improvements of the utility that existed previously.

In MS-DOS version 6.0 also includes a utility that can create a more efficient placement file with the name DoubleSpace. However, a company that has a patent on it has become so angry that requires Microsoft to the green table. Microsoft was beaten and deprived of any utility DOS DoubleSpace 6:20. Late in 1994, Microsoft revised the DOS 6:20 with a similar utility but does not violate the patents of others with a DriveSpace. MS-DOS is MS-DOS version of 6:22.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_versi_6.xx

MS-DOS version 5.xx

2010-08-16T03:52:00.001+07:00

IBM did not create a new buzz-buzz in the microcomputer industry, because previously controlled market IBM has eaten little by little by its competitors, such as Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell are also producing microcomputers compatible with IBM computers, because using the same design, and also the same microprocessors made by Intel Corporation. Successful here is the Intel Corporation, for which use microprocessors produced far more, due to demand for more. Because these computers using microprocessors made by Intel Corporation, which caught the second is Microsoft's success with its DOS. Many analysts argue that this is caused by the failure of IBM when they sold the IBM PC Jr.., And IBM Micro-architecture P/S2 Channel Architecture (MCA). MCA bus used by IBM P/S2 not use the concept of open-architecture as the ISA bus which is also made by IBM but with an open-architecture. In addition, expansion cards that use the MCA bus has relatively more expensive price than the ISA bus which was widely used and became a standard, thus slowing their absorption in the microcomputer market.

IBM had failed to extend the life of the IBM PC, but Microsoft continues to expand with the launch DOS MS-DOS version 5.0. Version 5.0 was released in 1991, and has many features that much better, like device drivers can be installed on the memory above the 640K area (HMA), using the parameters in the configuration file config.sys DEVICEHIGH and LOADHIGH AUTOEXEC on file. BAT thus multiplying the possibility to run programs that require conventional memory (initial 640K memory owned by the computer) is greater.

For the utility problem, Microsoft added a lot of utility in DOS version 5.0. Among them is an ASCII text file editor called MS-DOS Editor (EDIT.COM) and QuickBasic programming language programs (QBASIC.EXE). This utility is intended to replace editor-oriented "line by line", EDLIN.EXE are on DOS version 4.0 and earlier.

In addition to an ASCII text file editor, Microsoft also makes utility to create a macro to speed up working with computers. The program is called DOSKEY.COM macro maker. When loaded, DOSKEY can create a macro and execute the macro. In addition, by using DOSKEY can simplify typing the same command with the previous commands so the problem "tired of typing the same command over and over again to be far more simple and easy. To do so, users can use the arrow keys up and down. Features like this are owned by the Command Prompt on Windows 2000/XP.

Other utilities are also interesting is UNFORMAT.EXE and UNDELETE.EXE. Both are very useful utility to restore deleted files and formatted the drive. UNDELETE.EXE similar programs such as the Recycle Bin in Windows 95 (and beyond), only they look a bit more complicated than running the Recycle Bin in Windows. Besides UNDELETE.EXE running on the command line, the DOS version 5.0 is also there MWUNDEL.EXE utility that runs on Windows version 3.0, so that features can also be found in the Recycle Bin in Windows 3.0.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_versi_5.xx

MS-DOS version 4.xx

2010-08-16T03:50:00.001+07:00

In 1988, the operating system with graphical display started mushrooming. Microsoft also released Windows version 1.0 on Windows 1985 and version 2.0 in 1989. At the DOS version 4.0, Microsoft created a shell program with a DOS Shell, which has an interface like DOS Executive's Windows version 1.0. At that time, there is a shell which is also a popular program that runs on the DOS operating system, with a Norton Commander (NC) made by Peter Norton. By using the shell, users can more easily organize and archive files, and run the program, in one screen only. In addition, because the mouse can simplify the operation of computers, DOS Shell could also support it.

Version 4.0 is the latest version many changes. The next version is improved versions only, and various additional utilities.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_versi_4.xx

MS-DOS version 2.xx

2010-08-16T03:45:00.001+07:00

In early 1983, IBM launched the IBM PC XT (Extended Technology), as an improvement from the 5150 version of the IBM PC. IBM PC XT is equipped with a 10M hard disk, the interface input / output serial type (RS-232 or better known as the COM interface), with a capacity of 128K RAM, a floppy disk drive 360K double-side and three expansion slots. Of course, the use of some new hardware such as hard disks, floppy drives and a capacity of 360K (40K higher than the double-side version of the IBM PC in 5150) requires an operating system, IBM and Microsoft does not disappoint. They readily and quickly released the MS-DOS version 2.0. Finally, the IBM PC XT is bundled with the IBM PC-DOS 2.0.

MS-DOS version 2.0 has many improvements from MS-DOS 1.1, IBM PC computers intended for 5150. Among these is support for the use of a hierarchical directory structure (branched) like a tree whose root (root) and branches (branch). In addition, the MS-DOS 2.0 also supports a variety of functions adopted from UNIX, as well as the use of I / O redirection (>,>>, <, <<) and the print spooler. Features the print spooler is a feature that can save the file to be printed in a buffer memory so that the file will not be printed directly printed, but saved first. The aim is that the printing process can take place more quickly, and users should not be bothered to print the entire file if the paper runs out, but just need a new paper and pressing the reset button to continue. While I / O redirection function to perform input and output functions performed from the command line. Besides the two features adopted from UNIX, DOS version 2.0 also allows you to install drivers for DOS, by integrating it in the configuration file config.sys.

Apparently, the IBM PC XT computer was very successful: his success even reached Japan. To support Japanese Kanji language, Microsoft decided to launch the MS-DOS version of 2:05.

In the same year, IBM launched the IBM PC Jr.. (Read: PC Junior). Unfortunately, unlike his brothers, the IBM PC Jr.. failed in the market. When launched, the IBM PC Jr.. using IBM PC-DOS 2.1.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#MS-DOS_versi_2.xx

MS-DOS version 1.xx

2010-08-16T03:43:00.000+07:00

This is where an early version of MS-DOS was first released by Microsoft. Contents, is of course very primitive and only contains the basic framework only: no graphics display for managing files, no support network. Anyway, the first version of DOS, is net frill. The first version of DOS supports only IBM PC Model 5150 and all supporting hardware, such as floppy disks only support single-side floppy disk with a size of 5 ½ inches with a capacity of only 160K.

Interval of approximately one year, where the public interest will be the product of IBM PC, Microsoft is making improvements to MSDOS, and appeared DOS version 1.1. Actually, this is caused by IBM to launch new products for the floppy disk drive floppy double-side measures 5 ½ inches with a capacity of 320K. Use double-side for the floppy disk is very influential, because storage media can store two times more compared with single-side floppy diskette. Do not laugh to see capacity of floppy disks that are supported by MS-DOS 1.1. You will not get the capacity of tens of megabytes or gigabytes. Even the hard disk it is still rarely encountered in the microcomputer, and only the Apple III, which have them.

After that, Microsoft appeared to sell MS-DOS to IBM's competitors are making such a 5150 IBM PC clones. Microsoft gave her version of 1:25. Because so designed using the philosophy of open-architecture, unlike Apple and Commodore then the clones of the IBM PC can be done. And that's why the IBM PC and clone the IBM PC compatible with IBM PC is very successful in the market. This is the success of three companies: IBM, Intel, and of course Microsoft. It's just that the market was undermined by the time IBM, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell Computer Corporation, which makes IBM PC clones.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#Versi_MS-DOS

MS-DOS

2010-08-16T03:40:00.001+07:00

MS-DOS, short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, is an operating system that is widely used by the IBM-PC or compatible with it. Microsoft made MS-DOS as a mainstream operating system, before eventually stop supporting MS-DOS are slowly when they make a graphical interface-based operating system (also known as GUI) for the mainstream market, which is referred to as Microsoft Windows.

MS-DOS was first released in 1981, and over time, Microsoft also launched a new version of MS-DOS. Not less than eight times until Microsoft released new versions of MS-DOS from 1981 until Microsoft stop supporting MS-DOS in 2000. MS-DOS is one key to Microsoft's success in producing the software, from a small company making the programming language as established up to become a software company that seemed to dominate the world.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS

DoS ( Disk Operating System )

2010-08-16T03:38:00.001+07:00

Disk Operating System (abbreviated DoS) is a family of operating systems used on personal computers. Now, the term DOS became the generic term for any operating system is loaded from a disk storage device when the computer system is turned on.

DOS and keeping the family is divided into classes, namely

* MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), including Tandy DOS, Compaq DOS, Q-DOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) and several clones of MS-DOS operating system that is sold to makers of computer system IBM PC / compatible.
* IBM PC-DOS (International Business Machines Personal Computer Disk Operating System), which, though still made by Microsoft, changed a little bit to be used by IBM PC computer.
* DR-DOS (Digital Research Disk Operating System), created by the makers operating system CP / M, Gary Kildall.
* Personal Novell Netware, a DR-DOS version which was sold to Novell because the company which is responsible for CP / M into bankruptcy (Novell acquired Digital Research Incorporated).
* Caldera DOS, a version of Novell Personal Netware which was sold to Caldera Corporation.
* FreeDOS, DOS version which is built from the remnants of the development of Caldera DOS, developed by the open source community.

This operating system is an operating system that uses text-based user interface (text-mode user interface), with signs of readiness to receive commands from users who called the prompt. The default prompt is used in the DOS path name plus the greater sign (>), like C: \>, C: \ DOS \ and others. Users can also use any other symbol using the command prompt PROMPT.

This operating system also is single-tasking (can only run one program at a time only), running the processor in real mode (real mode), and can only support one user at a time (single user).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS

Uniform Resource Locator

2010-08-15T18:35:00.000+07:00

Uniform Resource Locator

URL indicates the resources the Internet or the address of a web page (homepage) is the page of a document or program you want to display or use. In general the need to enter three items of information to go to a specific address, namely:

* Protocol,
* Address Server,
* File Path.

Part pertaman URL indicates the protocol such as http:// or https: / /. Protocol is a joint agreement that is used to communicate with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The second section shows the URL address of the server where the resources are located, such as www.microsoft.com for Microsoft Corporation's website. The third part is the URL that shows the location of the file path and name of the document or program in a server, for example: kb/deskapp/word/q1974.html. where kb / deskapp / word / is the location of files and q1974.html is the name of the file

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL#Uniform_Resource_Locator

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator

2010-08-15T18:23:00.000+07:00

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator (translated: Uniform Resource Pelokasi), is a series of characters according to a certain standard formats, used to indicate the address of a source such as documents and images on the Internet. [1]

URL is an innovation base for the development of Internet history. [1] URL was first coined by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 so that writers can refer to the documents link to Jagat Jembar Networks or the World Wide Web. [1] Since 1994, URL concept has developed into the term Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), a more general nature. Nevertheless, the term URL is still used widely.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL

Moore's Law

2010-08-13T09:38:00.000+07:00

Moore's Law is one of the famous law in the microprocessor industry to explain the rate of growth of microprocessor speed. Introduced by Gordon E. Moore co-founder of Intel. He said that the growth speed of the microprocessor calculations follow an exponential formula.

The development of today's technology makes less and less relevant to Moore's Law to predict the speed mikroprossesor. Moore's Law, which states that the complexity of a microprocessor would double every 18 months, is now getting closer towards saturation. It is increasingly apparent after Intel officially launch Nehalem architecture processors with the code. This processor will start applying nanotechnology techniques in the manufacture of the processor, so it does not take time during the 18 months to see an increase in complexity but will be shorter

However, this time Moore's Law has been used as targets and goals to be achieved in the development of the semiconductor industry. Researchers in the processor industry trying to achieve Moore's Law in its product development. Semiconductor materials industries continue to refine the material required products processors, and computer and telecommunications applications growing rapidly as issuing processor that has a higher ability.

Indirectly, Moore's Law, feedback (feedback) to control the rate of increase in the number of transistors on IC chips. Moore's Law has been in control all the people to jointly develop the processor. Apart from these reasons, the use of transistors will continue to rise until the discovery of more effective technologies and efficient work mechanism that would shift the transistor as used today.

Although Gordon Moore is not the inventor of the transistor or IC, which flung ideas about the tendency of increasing use of the number of transistors on the IC has a large contribution to the advancement of information technology. Without Moore's services may not be able to enjoy our 3GHz speed computers like today.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Moore

microprocessor

2010-08-13T09:36:00.001+07:00

A microprocessor (often written: μP or UP) is a central processing unit (CPU) computer electronics transistors made of mini and other circuits on a semiconductor integrated circuit.

Before the development of microprocessors, the CPU electronic integrated circuit made of separate TTL; earlier, individual transistors; before that, from vacuum tubes. In fact there has been a simple design for the engine computer on the basis of mechanical parts such as gear, shaft, lever, Tinkertoy, etc..

The evolution of microprocessors has been known to follow Moore's Law which is the increase in performance from year to year. This theory was formulated that the calculation power will double every 18 months, a process that really happened since the early 1970s; a surprise to people who are related. From the beginning as a driver in the calculator, the development has been toward the domination of power in various types of computer microprocessors, each system from the largest mainframes to the smallest grasp computers now use microprocessors as its center.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroprosesor

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

2010-08-13T09:25:00.000+07:00

Disk , floppy disk

2010-08-13T09:22:00.002+07:00

floppy disk is a data storage device that comprises a magnetic storage medium rounded and coated with a thin and flexible plastic layer square or rectangular shaped.

Contortion disc is "read" and "written" using contortion disc drive (floppy disk drive, FDD). Disk space is the most common contortion 1.44 MB (as shown on the disc contortion), although the actual capacity is approximately 1.38 MB.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

Booting and Processing

2010-08-13T09:19:00.000+07:00

Booting

Booting is the term information technology in the English language that refers to the process early turn on the computer where all the blank gives a chance processor registers, and status of the microprocessor / processor gives a chance reset. Then loaded at address 0xFFFF code segment (code segment) and instructions contained in the address 0xFFFF address is executed.

Process

Generally, program the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), which is a basic software, called. Because the BIOS is usually located at that address. Then the BIOS will perform checks on all errors in memory devices installed / connected to the computer (such as serial ports, etc.). This is called POST (Power-On Self Test).

After a check of the system is completed, the BIOS will seek the Operating System, load it in memory and executed. By making changes in BIOS setup (especially for windows users, when you turn on the computer press and hold the delete button again until the display menu of bios out. There you can find out details about your computer such as memory in the computer, we can determine that the BIOS for Operating System into the floppy disks, hard disks, CD-ROMs, USB and others, with the order we want.

Actual BIOS does not contain a complete Operating System. He only contains one section of code that exist in the first sector (first sector, also called boot sector) on disk media, which we set earlier. Sections / fragments of the Operating System code for 512 bytes, and the second last byte of code fragments must be 0xAA55 (also known as the boot signature). If the boot signature is missing, then saying no bootable disk media, and the BIOS will seek the Operating System on the next disk media.

Fragment of code that should be on the boot sector was referred to as boot-strap loader. BIOS will load the boot-strap loader into memory starting at address 0x7C00, then run the boot-strap loader earlier. Finally now the power switch to boot-strap loader to load the Operating System and do the necessary setting in order to run the Operating System.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_booting

BIOS

2010-08-13T09:16:00.001+07:00

BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System, the computer system IBM PC or compatibles (computer based on Intel's x86 family of processors) refers to the routine collection of software that can do the following things:

1. Initialization (ignition) as well as testing of the hardware (in a process called the Power On Self Test, POST)
2. Load and run the operating system
3. Set some basic configuration of the computer (date, time, storage configuration, the configuration of the boot process, performance, and stability of your computer)
4. Helping operating systems and applications in the process of hardware setup using the BIOS Runtime Services.

BIOS provides low level communication interface, and can control many types of hardware (like keyboards). Because of its proximity to the hardware, the BIOS is generally made by using assembly language (assembly) that is used by the machine in question.

The term first appeared in the BIOS operating system CP / M, which is part of CP / M loaded during the booting process started dealing directly with hardware (multiple machines running CP / M has a simple boot loader in ROM). Most versions of DOS have a file called "IBMBIO.COM" (IBM PC-DOS) or "IO.SYS" (MS-DOS), which functions just as well as CP / M disk BIOS.

BIOS word can also mean "life" in Greek writings (Βίος).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

Flash memory (flash memory)

2010-08-13T09:10:00.000+07:00

Flash memory (flash memory) is a type of EEPROM that allows multiple locations to be deleted or written to memory in one programming operation. Its lay terms, he is a form of memory chip that can be written, not as a random access memory chips / RAM, this memory can store data without the need for electricity supply. This memory is typically used in memory cards, USB flash drive (USB flash drives), MP3 players, digital cameras and mobile phones.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori_kilat

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is written also with E2PROM

2010-08-13T09:08:00.000+07:00

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, is written also with E2PROM) is a not-erased memory chips used in computers and other electronic equipment to store some configuration data in electronic devices and equipment must be maintained despite the resources it was decided, such as tables calibration or kofigurasi device.

EEPROM further development to produce a more specific form, such as flash memory (flash memory). Flash memory is more economical than traditional EEPROM devices, which is widely used in the hardware is capable of storing more static data (such as USB flash drives).

The major advantage of the EEPROM than the EPROM is that it can be electrically erased using ultraviolet light so that the process faster. If the RAM does not have limits in terms of read-write memory, the EEPROM on the contrary. Some of the first type of EEPROM output can only be erased and rewritten (erase-rewrite) as much as 100 times while the latest models can be up to 100,000 times.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM

Mask ROM

2010-08-13T09:05:00.002+07:00

Data in ROM is inserted directly through a mask during chip assembly. This makes it very economical, especially if we produce in large quantities. But it also becomes very expensive because it is not flexible. A change of even just one bit requires a new mask which of course is not cheap. Because there was not flexible so rarely use it anymore.

Other applications that are similar to CD-ROM ROM is familiar with our prerecorded, one music CD. Contrary to the opinion of many people that the CD-ROM is written with a laser, the reality of data on CD-ROM more precisely printed on plastic discs.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_ROM

Read-only memory (ROM)

2010-08-13T09:05:00.001+07:00

Read-only memory (ROM) is an English term for computer data storage medium. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, ROM is one of the existing memory in the computer. ROM is permanent, meaning that the program / data that is stored in ROM is not easily lost or changed even though the flow of electricity at power off.

Store data in ROM can not be done easily, but reading data from ROM can be done easily. Usually the program / data in ROM is filled by the manufacturer. Because of this nature, ROM is used to store the firmware (software that are closely related to hardware).

One example is the ROM BIOS ROM that contains the basic programs that manage computer systems / prepared all the equipment / components in the computer when the computer is turned on.

Modern ROM found in the form of IC, just as the medium of storage / memory like RAM. To distinguish it needs to read the text that are listed on his IC. Usually starts with 27xxx number, number 27 indicates the type of ROM, xxx indicates the capacity in kilo bits (not kilo bytes).

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM

Magnetic Storage

2010-08-13T09:00:00.000+07:00

Magnetic storage (English: Magnetic disk) is a secondary storage device most often found on modern computer systems. At the time of the disk is used, the drive motor rotates with a very high speed. There is a read-write head is placed over the disc surface. Disk surface is divided into several tracks that are still divided into several sectors. Fixed-head disks have one head for each track, while the moving-head disks (or often known as a hard disk) has only one head to be movable for access from one track to another track.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyimpanan_magnetik

(RAM) Random access memory

2010-08-13T08:59:00.001+07:00

(RAM) Random access memory is a type of computer storage whose contents can be accessed in a fixed time does not care where the data in memory. This contrasts with the serial memory devices, such as magnetic tapes, disks and drums, in which the mechanical movement of the storage media to force the computer to access data sequentially.

First recognized in 60'an. Only when the semiconductor memory that has not been popular because the price is very expensive. When it is more common to use magnetic main memory.

Semiconductor companies such as Intel started producing his debut with RAM, more precisely, DRAM types.

Usually RAM can be written and read, as opposed to read-only memory (read-only-memory, ROM), RAM is usually used for primary storage (main memory) for use in computers and change the information actively, although some tools use some kind of RAM to provide long-term secondary storage.

But there is also an opinion that the ROM is another type of RAM, because it is really too random access such as SRAM or DRAM. It's just that indeed the process of writing the ROM does not require a specific process as easy and flexible as well as in the SRAM or DRAM. Also addresses some part of the space of RAM (main memory) of a system that is mapped into one or two chip ROM.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM

Embedded Computers

2010-08-13T08:55:00.000+07:00

In about 20 years, many household appliances, particularly including a panel of video games but also includes phone phones, video cassette recorders, PDAs and many once-in household, industrial, automotive, and other electronic equipment, all of which contain electronic circuits such as computers that Turing-complete qualifying in the top (with a note that the course of these tools are often made directly in the ROM chip which would need to be changed to alter the programming of the machine). Computers and other special purposes are generally known as a "microcontroller" or "Embedded computers" (embedded computer). Therefore, many of which restrict the definition of the purpose computer to the device that is essentially information processing, rather than being part of larger systems such as telephone, microwave oven, or a plane, and can be modified for different purposes by users with no physical modifications. Main frame computer, minikomputer, and personal computers (PCs) are the main types of computers that have this definition

Source:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer#Arsitektur

Architecture

2010-08-13T08:51:00.001+07:00

Contemporary computers put the ALU and control units into a single integrated circuit known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, computer memory is placed on top of a small number of integrated circuits near the CPU. Tools that occupies most of the space in the computer is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electricity) or device I / O.

Some larger computers differ from the above model on the one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific komputeran, have differed significantly from the model above, but they have found little commercial use.

The function of the computer is actually quite simple in principle. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command performed, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off

Source:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer#Arsitektur

Analog computer

2010-08-13T08:47:00.000+07:00

Analog computer is a term used to describe the calculation tool that works on the analog level. Analog level here is the opposite (dual) of a digital level, which level is the digital voltage level 'high' (high) and 'low' (low), which is used in the implementation of a binary number. Basically, an electronic component that is used as the core of an analog computer is the op-amp (operational amplifier).

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_analog

DHCP Scopes

2010-08-12T09:16:00.002+07:00

DHCP Scope is the IP addresses that can be leased to DHCP clients. It also can be configured by an administrator using the DHCP server configuration tools. Typically, an IP address lease within a certain timeframe, known as the DHCP lease, which usually is worth three days. Information on the Scope and DHCP IP addresses that have been leased and then stored in the DHCP database DHCP server. Value of IP addresses that can be leased shall be taken from the DHCP Pool are available which are allocated in the network. Errors that often occur in the DHCP Server configuration is a configuration error in the DHCP Scope.

Source :http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_host_configuration_protocol#DHCP_Scope

DHCP Scopes

2010-08-12T09:16:00.000+07:00